Mauldin - Black Swans and Endogenous Uncertainty

By John Mauldin
March 01, 2014

John is in Florida and feeling a bit under the weather, so this week we’re bringing back one of his most popular letters, from December 2007. In the letter he discusses the work of Professor Graciela Chichilnisky of Columbia University, one of whose key insights is that the greater the number of connections within an economic network, the more the system is at risk. Given the current macroeconomic environment, it is important to remind ourselves of how complacent we were back in 2007 and how it all fell apart so quickly, just as John outlined in this rather prescient piece.

This is a theme to which John has returned again and again, pointing out that reforms such as Dodd-Frank (the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010) fell well short of solving the problem of excessive interconnectedness among global financial players. It shored up the big “sandpile” rather than breaking it up into smaller, more manageable sandpiles. Now, if the Chinese, Japanese, and/or European sides of the sandpile should avalanche, the whole US side is likely to go, too.

How does the risk of default in California or Thailand get spread throughout the world, causing problem in money market funds in Europe and Florida? Yes, we can trace the linkages now, but was it possible to predict the crisis beforehand? And can we use what we learn to predict and hopefully hedge ourselves from the next crisis? Why do these things seem to be happening with more frequency? This week we are going to look at some economic theories that will give us some insight into the above questions. As it turns out, the more that individuals hedge their risk in economic markets – the larger and more interconnected the network – the more the entire system is put at risk. There is a lot of ground to cover, so we will jump right in.

Before we get to the economic theory, let’s review part of a letter I wrote in April of 2006 discussing chaos theory, as it will give us a useful mind picture to understand the latter part of the letter. This was part of a letter in which I laid out my thought that we would indeed experience a future crisis along the lines we are now seeing.

We are going to start our explorations with excerpts from a very important book by Mark Buchanan called Ubiquity, Why Catastrophes Happen. I HIGHLY recommend it to those of you who, like me, are trying to understand the complexity of the markets. Not directly about investing, although he touches on it, it is about chaos theory, complexity theory, and critical states. It is written in a manner any layman can understand. There are no equations, just easy-to-grasp, well-written stories and analogies.

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